HP Serviceguard was the very first solution for high availability clustering software. Serviceguard uses resource virtualization to ensure that critical applications, databases, or services are continually up and running. Users typically don’t care which server they run their application on—they just want to make sure that application is running. Serviceguard hides the details of which server an application is actually running on at any given time, which means it can move applications between servers on the fly.

What is a Serviceguard cluster?

Any host system running in a Serviceguard cluster is called an active node. Under normal conditions, a fully operating Serviceguard cluster monitors the health of the cluster’s components on all its active nodes.Most Serviceguard packages are failover packages. When you configure a failover package, you specify which active node will be the primary node where the package will start, and one or more other nodes, called adoptive nodes, that can also run the package. 

Creating a Serviceguard  cluster

Before you configure the cluster, you will need to create a volume group on the shared disks, so that Service Guard can create a “Cluster Lock Disk”.

On testnode1

 # pvcreate /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0

# pvcreate /dev/rdsk/c1t4d0

# mkdir /dev/vg01

# mknod /dev/vg01/group c 64 0×010000

# vgcreate vg01 /dev/dsk/c0t4d0 /dev/dsk/c1t4d0

# mkdir /etc/cmcluster/maps

# vgexport –p –s –m vg01 /etc/cmcluster/maps/vg01

 On testnode2

 # mkdir /dev/vg01

# mknod /dev/vg01/group c 64 0×010000

# mkdir /etc/cmcluster/maps

# rcp testnode1:/etc/cmcluster/maps/vg01 /etc/cmcluster/maps/vg01

# vgimport –s –m /etc/cmcluster/maps/vg01 vg01

# vgchange –a y vg01

# vgchange –a n vg01

You can now go ahead and create the cluster.

# cd /etc/cmcluster

# cmquerycl –v –C cmclconfig.ascii –n testnode1 -n testnode2

After creating this file, you will need to edit it to suit your cluster. You will need to

alter the following lines:

 # vi cmclconfig.ascii

 CLUSTER_NAME simeon1

NODE_NAME testnode1

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan0

HEARTBEAT_IP 192.168.100.101

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan1

HEARTBEAT_IP 164.39.8.92

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan2

NODE_NAME testnode2

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan0

HEARTBEAT_IP 192.168.100.102

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan1

HEARTBEAT_IP 164.39.8.93

NETWORK_INTERFACE lan2

HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL 2000000

NODE_TIMEOUT 5000000

MAX_CONFIGURED_PACKAGES 10

 To check that there are no mistakes in the file, use the check command.

 # cmcheckconf –C /etc/cmcluster/cmclconfig.ascii

 To apply the configuration file, usr the apply command.

 # cmapplyconf –C /etc/cmcluster/cmclconfig.ascii

 You are now ready to startup the cluster.

On testnode1

# vgchange –a n vg01

# cmruncl –v

# cmviewcl –v

# vgchange –c y vg01

On Both nodes

# netstat -in

# vi /etc/rc.config.d/cmcluster

AUTOSTART_CMCLD=1

On testnode1

# cmhaltcl –v

# vgchange –a n vg01

Creating a basic package

Serviceguard packages group together applications and the services and resources they depend on. The typical Serviceguard package is a failover package that starts on one node but can be moved (“failed over”) to another if necessary.

Creating or modifying a package requires the following broad steps:

1. Generate the package ASCII file

2. Edit the package ASCII file

3. Generate the package control script

4. Edit the package control script

5. Distribute the control script to the cluster nodes

6. Apply the package ASCII file

Once the cluster is up and running, we can create a package to run in it. This package will run an “xclock” on a client PC, and mount a file system, using the IP Address 164.39.8.101 The first step is to make a logical volume.

On node1

# vgchange –a e vg01

# lvcreate –L 20 vg01

# lvextend –m 1 /dev/vg01/lvol1

# newfs –F vxfs /dev/vg01/rlvol1

# mkdir /pkg_1

# vi /etc/fstab

#/dev/vg01/lvol1 /pkg_1 vxfs delaylog 0 2 # MC/SG

# vgchange –a n vg01

# vgexport –p –s –m vg01 /etc/cmcluster/maps/vg01

On Node 2

# vgexport vg01

# mkdir /dev/vg01

# mknod /dev/vg01/group c 64 0×010000

# vgimport –s –m /etc/cmlcuster/maps/vg01 vg01

# mkdir /pkg_1

# vi /etc/fstab

#/dev/vg01/lvol1 /pkg_1 vxfs delaylog 0 2 # MC/SG

Now we can make the package.

On Node1

# cd /etc/cmcluster

# mkdir pkg_1

# cd pkg_1

# cmmakepkg –p pkg_1.conf

The file pkg_1.conf will need to be edited to suit.

# vi pkg_1.conf

PACKAGE_NAME pkg_1

NODE_NAME testnode1

NODE_NAME testnode2

RUN_SCRIPT /etc/cmcluster/pkg_1/pkg_1.cntl

RUN_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT NO_TIMEOUT

HALT_SCRIPT /etc/cmcluster/pkg_1/pkg_1.cntl

HALT_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT NO_TIMEOUT

SERVICE_NAME pkg_1_service

SUBNET 164.39.8.0

Add the IP address that will be used for the package in the hosts file.

# vi /etc/hosts

164.39.8.101 pkg_1 xclock

# cmmakepkg –s pkg_1.cntl

The file pkg_1.cntl will need to be edited to suit

# vi pkg_1.cntl

VG[0]=”vg01″

LV[0]=”/dev/vg01/lvol1″; FS[0]=”/pkg_1″; FS_MOUNT_OPT[0]=”"

IP[0]=”164.39.8.101″

SUBNET[0]=”164.39.8.0″

SERVICE_NAME[0]=”pkg_1_service”

SERVICE_CMD[0/etc/cmcluster/pkg_1/service_pkg_1"

#SERVICE_RESTART[0]=”"

function customer_defined_run_cmds

{

# ADD customer defined run commands.

if [ $(hostname) = "testnode1" ]

then COLOUR=”blue”

else COLOUR=”red”

fi

/usr/bin/X11/xclock -bg “$COLOUR” -update 1 –display \

164.39.11.232:0.0 &

test_return 51

}

function customer_defined_halt_cmds
{

# ADD customer defined halt commands.

if

ps -ef |grep -v grep |grep -q “xclock”

then

kill -9 $(ps -ef |grep -v grep |grep “xclock”|cut -c10-14)

fi

test_return 52

}

# vi pkg_1_service

#!/usr/bin/sh

#This is a script to monitor that xclock is running

while true

do

if

ps -ef |grep -v grep |grep -q “xclock”

then

sleep 5

else

echo “Package xclock failed at $(date) from node \

$(hostname) > /etc/cmcluster/pkg_1/pkg_1.cntl.log”

exit 99

fi

done

# chmod u+x pkg_1_servce

# cd /etc/cmcluster

# rcp –r testnode1:/etc/cmcluster/pkg_1

 On node 1

# cmcheckconf -P pkg_1.conf

# cmapplyconf –P pkg_1.conf

# cmmodpkg –e –n testnode1 -n testnode2 pkg_1

# cmviewcl –v –p pkg_1

# cmhaltpkg pkg_1

# cmviewcl –v|more

# tail /etc/cmcluster/pkg_1/pkg_1.log

# tail /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log

Starting and stopping a Serviceguard Package

Normally, when a cluster starts up, the packages configured as part of the cluster will start up on their configured nodes. You may need to start a package manually after it has been halted manually. You can do this either in Serviceguard Manager or on the Serviceguard command line.

If you want to stop a package, use the following commands

# cmviewcl –v –p <package name>

# cmahalt <package name>

# cmviewcl –v –p <package name>

You halt a Serviceguard package when you wish to bring the package out of use but wish the node to continue in operation. You can halt a package using Serviceguard Manager or on the Serviceguard command line. Halting a package has a different effect than halting the node. When you halt the node, its failover packages may switch to adoptive nodes.

If you want to start a package, then use the following commands

# cmviewcl –v –p <package name>

# cmmodpkg –e <package name>

OR

# cmrunpkg –n <host name> <package name>

# cmmodpkg –e <package name>

Deleting a Serviceguard Package

To delete a package, use the following commands

 # cmdeleteconf -p <package name>

Stopping and starting the Serviceguard Cluster

The cmhaltcl command can be used to halt the entire cluster. This command causes all nodes in a configured cluster to halt their Serviceguard daemons. You can use the -f option to force the cluster to halt even when packages are running.

To stop the cluster, use the following commands

The cmhaltcl command can be used to halt the entire cluster. This command causes all nodes in a configured cluster to halt their Serviceguard daemons. You can use the -f option to force the cluster to halt even when packages are running.

To stop the cluster, use the following commands

# cmiewcl –v

# cmhaltcl

OR

# cmhaltcl –f

To start the cluster: -

# cmruncl –v

# cmviewcl –v

Automatically Restarting the Serviceguard Cluster

You can configure your cluster to automatically restart after an event, such as a long-term power failure, which brought down all nodes in the cluster. This is done by setting AUTOSTART_CMCLD to 1 in the

/etc/rc.config.d/cmcluster file.

Stopping and starting a node in the Serviceguard Cluster

Starting a node will not cause any active packages to be moved to the new node. However, if a package is DOWN, has its switching enabled, and is able to run on the new node, that package will automatically run there.

To stop a node in the cluster

# cmhaltnode –n <node name>

# cmviewcl –v

# vi /etc/rc.config.d/cmcluster

AUTOSTART_CMCLD=0

To start a node in the cluster.

# cmrunnode –n <name name>

# cmviewcl –v

# vi /etc/rc.config.d/cmcluster

AUTOSTART_CMCLD=1

Deleting a cluster

When there are no packages left in the cluster, and you want to delete the  cluster, use the following commands.

# vgchange –c n vg01

# cmhaltcl –f

# cmdeleteconf –c <cluster_name>

# vgchange –a y vg01

# lvremove /dev/vg01/lvol1

# vgremove vg01

# rm –r /dev/vg01

There are very less chances for the product to get failed.  The crispy features in the ipad announces its success and wrote a foreword for the “iPad’s Success Story”

iPad is the super idea  to access the Web,Photos,Videos,E-mail etc.,

Features of  Apple ipad

Safari Browser

The tablet has a large multi-touch screen which has the option to switch to portrait  and landscape view.

Strengths of iPad

No multitasking, no USB port, no Flash, no camera – that’s iPad for you. Still the device has speed, portability, style, simplicity and above all price going for it.

The iPad seems to have come in with a clearcut and flawless strategy to capture the market. By cutting out on expensive features such as the camera, Apple is set to penetrate the market on the price flank.

Price of iPad

The price of iPad starts at $499.  So that a middle class can afford buying it. I accept it is not economic for all.

Great Features of iPad

LED-Backlit IPS Display – This has 9.6 inches of LED display that you can’t image even. So working on this would be great.

Multi-Touch Screen – This is similar to the one we see in iPhone.

Light Weight – Apple iPad weighs just 1.5 pounds and 0.5 inch thin.

Very long battery life – This graphical tablet deserves the long battery life. The battery lasts almost for 10 hours.

Numerous Applications – There are about 140,000 applications available in this great magic box.

You can write and send email, text messages

With the Apple iPad you can store all your information personal or for work.

You can listen to music or watch a movie when you have nothing to do.

And of course you can browse the internet.

Facebook – This comes with you where ever you go. Connect to your friends in one touch.

You Tube -  The iPad has the built in you tube video organiser where you can play videos in landscape mode. In this mode the video automatically switches to fullscreen view.

Handy iPod and iTunes – You can still feel the pleasure of iPod and the power of iTunes. Buletooth headphones are supported.

iBookStore – This is apple’s online bookstore. You can just read or buy books and keep it in your shelf just in one touch.

http://www.apple.com/ipad/

Regards,
R.Gopinath

The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg/m³. The earth is made up of 3 important layers.

Crust:  The Earth crust is the outer most part of the underlying mantle. The crust can be thicker than 80 kilometers in some spots, less than one kilometer in others.

The crust consists of two parts: the oceanic and the continental crust.

Mantle:  Earth’s is a ~2,900 km (1,800 mi) thick shell of compressed and heated rock, beginning below the Earth’s crust (lithosphere), which extends 5 km (3.1 mi) below the ocean floor and 30 to 50 km (19 – 31 mi) below the continents. The Earth’s mantle makes up 70% of Earth’s volume, in comparison to the Earth’s crust which makes up less than 1% of the total. 

Core:  At the core of the Earth, temperatures are thought to rise to 3,000 to 5,000 Kelvin.

2,890–5,150 KM – Outer core

5,150–6,360 KM -  Inner core

Layers-of-earth-crust

Pole Shift – Pole Reversal Theory

Directly below the Earth’s crust (or lithosphere) at a depth of 50-150 kilometres is a layer called the asthenosphere.

A pole shift happens when “North Pole changes to South and South Pole moves towards North “!!!.  Imagine what drastic effects it should produce. The Inner core of our planet consists of iron. It has its own spinning speed which differs from the normal spinning speed of earth.

Pole shift have happened before and will happen again. The last pole shift happened about 780,000 years ago and we are not sure when the next shift will happen.

According to a research the poles of earth interchange their position once in 300,000 years. So when comparing this there was no pole shift happened for last 480,000 years.

Effects of Pole Shift – Pole Reversal

What are all the serious effects we will face if our earth is going to shift its poles?

1. A pole reversal would decrease the strength of our magnetic field to near zero.
2. The entire living things will be more since the earth will start to rotate in opposite direction.

Yes, scientifically only when the earth rotates in opposite direction the pole shift can happen.

The Paleo-Magnetism and Mayans has predicted this pole reversal 1000’s of years ago.

Pole Reversal

What is Paleomagnetism ?

Paleomagnetism is the study of the record of the Earth’s magnetic field preserved in various magnetic minerals through time. The study of paleomagnetism has demonstrated that the Earth’s magnetic field varies substantially in both orientation and intensity through time.

Causes of Pole Reversal

But what are the reasons for this pole reversal. What factors influence the pole shift? Here are answers which we should accept and out of our control.

1.     Sunspot Cycle theory

The sunspot cycle theory was proposed very long time back by our ancestors. They are called as Mayans.

The theory states that “When a beam of light strikes a magnet, its poles(magnetic poles) get interchanged”.

Our earth is a huge magnet, with its own North and South Poles. A short-circuit with another external “beam of lightning,” or magnet, can end in a catastrophic polar reversal. This means that the magnetic North Pole changes place with the magnetic South Pole.

From the name “Sunspot” we got it clear that the only super force which can cause this catastrophic strike is The Sun. When a giant beam of light from the sun strikes our earth it will get tilted by its position.

With unknown power this solar lightning strikes our planet and causes a gigantic short circuit. That is the catastrophic truth behind a polar reversal of the earth. But what is the reason for  this horrible lightning attack?

Causes of SunSpot Cycle

The magnetic field of sun undergoes a drastic change for every 12,000 years. This is caused by the chaos effect and immense cloud of plasma.

1.     Solar Storms

Shooting large quantities of loaded particles on a strong bipolar magnet causes a “ring-stream” in the magnetic field. At a certain moment this stream speeds up to such an extent that the field of the magnet reverses completely. In the same manner the particles of a solar storm can compress the earth’s magnetic field and temporarily speed up the power of the earth’s field.

When the solar particles reach our planet, the electromagnetically-loaded particles will move in a spiral along the magnetic lines: from the magnetic north pole to the magnetic South Pole and back. While passing this north-south axis, they will move into the direction of the equator. When they arrive there, they will join into a super powerful “ring current.”

This “ring current” generates an intense magnetic field that is opposite to the earth’s magnetic field. In order to overpower the earth’s magnetic field you need a solar flame a hundred times more forceful than the biggest one we have ever seen. At the reversal of the magnetic field of the sun this degree will certainly be reached.

For example: In the case of an electric motor, when you change their poles the motor will start rotating in the opposite direction.  Oops! The same situation causes to our Earth.

Earth’s Crust Displacement

Before we get to know about Earth Crust Displacement theory, it is our responsibility to know about Charles.H.Hapgood, the father of Earth crust displacement theory. Though he is a genius and the first person to find this theory, the world refused to accept his theory. One of the reason is he was not a geologist.

Charles.H.Hapgood

Charles Hutchins Hapgood  (1904-1982) was an American academician, and one of the best known advocates of a Earth Crust Displacement theory. Hapgood received a master’s degree from Harvard University in 1932 in medieval and modern History. His Ph.D. work on the French Revolution was interrupted by the Great Depression.

Mr. Albert Einstein wrote his foreword to one of Hapgood’s book The Earth’s Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of Earth Science”

“A great many empirical data indicates that at each point of the earth’s surface that has been carefully studied, many climatic changes have taken place, apparently quite suddenly. This, according to Mr. Hapgood, is explicable if the virtually rigid outer crust of the earth undergoes, from time to time, extensive displacement…”

As we saw earlier you should have got a basic understanding about the layers of earth and its arrangement. Well, let go ahead and refresh it once again.

Asthenosphere:  This is a region which lies above the mantle layer. It is the mobility of the asthenosphere that makes it possible for the earth’s lithosphere (crust) to shift.

When the crust moves due to some natural calamities and movement of tectonic plates, the most drastic things happen in the world like volcanic eruption, earthquakes, Tsunami.

Before Earth Crust Displacement

11,600 years ago, before the earth’s crust shifted, the Arctic Circle encapsulated most of North America and Greenland.

After Earth Crust displacement

11,600 years ago the Antarctic Circle covered about half of Antarctica. The former temperate areas of Antarctica [an area equal in size to Western Europe] may have been the site of the lost island continent of Atlantis.

World’s safe Zones

Even when the whole earth is going to be washed out there will only 4 countries which will have less impact due to this crust displacement. They are Morocco, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Madagascar.

The Escape Plan

When a big earthquake hits in Los Angles, you need to start escaping to these places. Because Africa is the most geologically stable continent on earth. All of the continents broke away from it and it has never drifted away because it’s trapped by the Mid-Ocean Ridge and has never been under water since Pre- Gondwana times, where as the rest of the continent throughout the world seesawed in and out of the ocean since the continental breakup.

Regards,
R.Gopinath

mysql error #1226

The problem that everyone faces with very old databases. The reason for this error is when the database user connects to the server for several times, there are many possibilities of database lock.

1. The user connection may not have terminated properly.

2. Or the maximum connection limit specified for that particular user may have exceeded from the limit.

To resolve this mysql error #1226. we have to configure the database properly.

Mostly people using the wordpress CMS need to change the wp_options table.

Usually this situation happens sometimes due to server overloading or user exceeding max_connections_per_hour.

Solution:

But there are many instances for us that we can’t wait for such a long time to update the tables and databases and we may need to seek help from others.

During that critical time, this solution helps you much from avoiding the downtime of your website.

Once i faced a similar problem and my website was down for 1 week. It was a drastic situation and i lost all my page rank.

But i came forward with a quick and simple solution.

Follow these simple steps to solve ‘user has exceeded max_questions’ problem

1. Your database must have a user ‘A’ using which you have configured your wordpress blog.

2. Now the problem is that user ‘A’ has exceeded maximum_questions resource (current value: 40)

3.  Create a new user ‘B’ in your database through your domain control panel  and update the same user name you wp-config.php file in  wordpress installation directory.

4.  Now you got the problem fixed in few minutes. It will not disturb the database or the posts you have in your wordpress or phpbb.

For phpbb  users ‘mysql error #1226 user has exceeded max_questions’

1.  Follow the same steps above and update the config.php file in your phpbb installation directory.

The issue is solved.  This may be a simple two-lined solution but powerful.

Keep away your worries and enjoy blogging. if any clarifications revert back to gopi@neuronring.com.

Regards,

R.Gopinath