This theory which is necessary to be discussed at this point of time. Yes, the earth’s crust displacement theory. Before you get exposed to this concept you might want to brush up some of the basic school geography.

The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg/m³. The earth is made up of 3 important layers.

Crust:  The Earth crust is the outer most part of the underlying mantle. The crust can be thicker than 80 kilometers in some spots, less than one kilometer in others.

The crust consists of two parts: the oceanic and the continental crust.

Mantle:  Earth’s is a ~2,900 km (1,800 mi) thick shell of compressed and heated rock, beginning below the Earth’s crust (lithosphere), which extends 5 km (3.1 mi) below the ocean floor and 30 to 50 km (19 – 31 mi) below the continents. The Earth’s mantle makes up 70% of Earth’s volume, in comparison to the Earth’s crust which makes up less than 1% of the total. 

Core:  At the core of the Earth, temperatures are thought to rise to 3,000 to 5,000 Kelvin.

2,890–5,150 KM – Outer core

5,150–6,360 KM -  Inner core

Layers-of-earth-crust

Pole Shift – Pole Reversal Theory

Directly below the Earth’s crust (or lithosphere) at a depth of 50-150 kilometres is a layer called the asthenosphere.

A pole shift happens when “North Pole changes to South and South Pole moves towards North “!!!.  Imagine what drastic effects it should produce. The Inner core of our planet consists of iron. It has its own spinning speed which differs from the normal spinning speed of earth.

Pole shift have happened before and will happen again. The last pole shift happened about 780,000 years ago and we are not sure when the next shift will happen.

According to a research the poles of earth interchange their position once in 300,000 years. So when comparing this there was no pole shift happened for last 480,000 years.

Effects of Pole Shift – Pole Reversal

What are all the serious effects we will face if our earth is going to shift its poles?

1. A pole reversal would decrease the strength of our magnetic field to near zero.
2. The entire living things will be more since the earth will start to rotate in opposite direction.

Yes, scientifically only when the earth rotates in opposite direction the pole shift can happen.

The Paleo-Magnetism and Mayans has predicted this pole reversal 1000’s of years ago.

Pole Reversal

What is Paleomagnetism ?

Paleomagnetism is the study of the record of the Earth’s magnetic field preserved in various magnetic minerals through time. The study of paleomagnetism has demonstrated that the Earth’s magnetic field varies substantially in both orientation and intensity through time.

Causes of Pole Reversal

But what are the reasons for this pole reversal. What factors influence the pole shift? Here are answers which we should accept and out of our control.

1.     Sunspot Cycle theory

The sunspot cycle theory was proposed very long time back by our ancestors. They are called as Mayans.

The theory states that “When a beam of light strikes a magnet, its poles(magnetic poles) get interchanged”.

Our earth is a huge magnet, with its own North and South Poles. A short-circuit with another external “beam of lightning,” or magnet, can end in a catastrophic polar reversal. This means that the magnetic North Pole changes place with the magnetic South Pole.

From the name “Sunspot” we got it clear that the only super force which can cause this catastrophic strike is The Sun. When a giant beam of light from the sun strikes our earth it will get tilted by its position.

With unknown power this solar lightning strikes our planet and causes a gigantic short circuit. That is the catastrophic truth behind a polar reversal of the earth. But what is the reason for  this horrible lightning attack?

Causes of SunSpot Cycle

The magnetic field of sun undergoes a drastic change for every 12,000 years. This is caused by the chaos effect and immense cloud of plasma.

1.     Solar Storms

Shooting large quantities of loaded particles on a strong bipolar magnet causes a “ring-stream” in the magnetic field. At a certain moment this stream speeds up to such an extent that the field of the magnet reverses completely. In the same manner the particles of a solar storm can compress the earth’s magnetic field and temporarily speed up the power of the earth’s field.

When the solar particles reach our planet, the electromagnetically-loaded particles will move in a spiral along the magnetic lines: from the magnetic north pole to the magnetic South Pole and back. While passing this north-south axis, they will move into the direction of the equator. When they arrive there, they will join into a super powerful “ring current.”

This “ring current” generates an intense magnetic field that is opposite to the earth’s magnetic field. In order to overpower the earth’s magnetic field you need a solar flame a hundred times more forceful than the biggest one we have ever seen. At the reversal of the magnetic field of the sun this degree will certainly be reached.

For example: In the case of an electric motor, when you change their poles the motor will start rotating in the opposite direction.  Oops! The same situation causes to our Earth.

Earth’s Crust Displacement

Before we get to know about Earth Crust Displacement theory, it is our responsibility to know about Charles.H.Hapgood, the father of Earth crust displacement theory. Though he is a genius and the first person to find this theory, the world refused to accept his theory. One of the reason is he was not a geologist.

Charles.H.Hapgood

Charles Hutchins Hapgood  (1904-1982) was an American academician, and one of the best known advocates of a Earth Crust Displacement theory. Hapgood received a master’s degree from Harvard University in 1932 in medieval and modern History. His Ph.D. work on the French Revolution was interrupted by the Great Depression.

Mr. Albert Einstein wrote his foreword to one of Hapgood’s book The Earth’s Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of Earth Science”

“A great many empirical data indicates that at each point of the earth’s surface that has been carefully studied, many climatic changes have taken place, apparently quite suddenly. This, according to Mr. Hapgood, is explicable if the virtually rigid outer crust of the earth undergoes, from time to time, extensive displacement…”

As we saw earlier you should have got a basic understanding about the layers of earth and its arrangement. Well, let go ahead and refresh it once again.

Asthenosphere:  This is a region which lies above the mantle layer. It is the mobility of the asthenosphere that makes it possible for the earth’s lithosphere (crust) to shift.

When the crust moves due to some natural calamities and movement of tectonic plates, the most drastic things happen in the world like volcanic eruption, earthquakes, Tsunami.

Before Earth Crust Displacement

11,600 years ago, before the earth’s crust shifted, the Arctic Circle encapsulated most of North America and Greenland.

After Earth Crust displacement

11,600 years ago the Antarctic Circle covered about half of Antarctica. The former temperate areas of Antarctica [an area equal in size to Western Europe] may have been the site of the lost island continent of Atlantis.

World’s safe Zones

Even when the whole earth is going to be washed out there will only 4 countries which will have less impact due to this crust displacement. They are Morocco, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Madagascar.

The Escape Plan

When a big earthquake hits in Los Angles, you need to start escaping to these places. Because Africa is the most geologically stable continent on earth. All of the continents broke away from it and it has never drifted away because it’s trapped by the Mid-Ocean Ridge and has never been under water since Pre- Gondwana times, where as the rest of the continent throughout the world seesawed in and out of the ocean since the continental breakup.

Regards,
R.Gopinath

Have you ever noticed the sky when flock birds migrate from one place to another?
Yes,of course?  Had you ever think the reason for that.

"V-Flying" Birds

There is a strong reason and mystery behind it.
Before getting that revealed let me define two technical words.
Upwash: The term upwash is used to refer to regions around an aircraft or airfoil where the air is moving in the opposite direction to downwash.The wingtip vortices induce an upwash outside the wingspan of an aircraft or airfoil balancing downwash produced by upper wing surfaces. Birds which migrate make use of this upwash and they form the V shape and make a easy fly.

Downwash: The meaning used most often by non-engineers, refers to the forcing of air downward during the creation of lift. This usage is most common with regard to helicopters where the effect is most dramatic.Now in terms of aerodynamics: The downwash immediately behind a wing is a consequence of the wing vortex system. This downwash is experienced by a horizontal tail placed in the flow behind a wing.

Upwash and Downwash

What Researchers Say?

The researchers found that there are 2 strong reasons behind this flying habit of birds. They are

1.The shape of the formation reduces the drag force that each bird experiences compared to if it were flying alone. Tthe decrease in drag occurs thanks to the formation of wingtip vortices.2.The second strong reason holds for the V-Formation flying is that this orientation allows the birds to communicate more easily.
This V-formation provides the birds with good visual contact of each other to keep the flock together. This eye before communication minimizes the possibility of losing birds along the way as the formation crosses vast distances during migration.These kind of groups of birds will fly in a large V-shape with one bird in the lead and other birds trailing behind in two lines.A bird which is flying in one of these upwash regions gains free lift so that it can fly at a lower angle of attack. (click here to know more)

Since the angle of attack is reduced, the induced drag is lowered so that the bird does not need to flap its wings so hard or as often to generate the thrust needed for forward flight. This obviously proves that bird’s muscle do not work harder. So its heart rate drops.

Graph showing drag force when birds V-Fly

Yes, absolutely the bird does get not tired and can fly longer. 

Analysis proves: A flock of 25 birds in V-Formation can fly as much as 71% further than a single bird using the same amount of energy.

Do all Birds share drag force equally?

Because of spacing themselves apart in a proper distance, these birds can achieve optimum positions that reduce the drag of every bird in the V-Formation. But, not all birds benefit equally.

Work during v-formation

The first bird has to work the hardest since it flies into undisturbed air. The upwash this bird creates improves the aerodynamics of the two behind it, and these two further improve conditions for the next two birds in line.Although this kind of fly benefit all the birds, the bird which is in the lead position has to work harder. At the time when the bird in lead position this bird tires, it will move out of the lead position and fall back into one of the lines of the “V”. To substitute this another bird from further back will rapidly move forward to take the leading position and maintain the V-Formation.The two birds in the trailing positions of V also tire more rapidly than those in the middle. The birds in trailing positions are also rotated frequently to share the tiredness throughout the flock.This kind of self management gives all birds in leading the flock and also they can relax by being in the middle of the flock.

Who taught them?

This V-Fly sense of teamwork comes by nature since the young birds in the flock realizes the ease of flying in the middle or V-Formation than flying alone.

Resembles something else?

Have you ever heard people saying  the existence of Black Holes in outer space ?

Yes,there are black holes. Lets take a deeper look into it.

A Black Hole in space

What are stars?

       Stars are nothing but gigantic balls stuffed with gas, mostly of hydrogen. Along with this huge and huge amount of gas there are some other materials dumped inside them which gives the star “The most powerful gravity” which can hold everything together.

 Due to this high gravity the gas inside star becomes very dense and hot.

As everyone know our Sun is a star. Good question! Then why we are not being pulled in due to its high gravity? Because are the planets around the sun(including our earth) are at a safer distance so that the gravity will not eat us.

Now, Is there anything in the space called as Black Hole?

      Yes, Of course. But before that let me tell you two processes which happening inside the stars.

1. Nuclear Fusion

       The nuclear fusion reaction tends to blow out the abundant amount of hydrogen outwards from the star’s center.

Nuclear fusion reaction inside star

 2. Gravity

             The monster gravity again tends to pull back the hydrogen to its center in the same direction through which hydrogen was blown out.

Gravity pulling hydrogen back to center

The Black Hole Formation

       The above two processes get repeated until the hydrogen is exhausted completely and gravity to win. When the gravity dominates the Nuclear Fusion the star becomes unstable and collapsed.

 

Formation of a Black Hole

When the star collapses it does not stop, the start and its atoms starts to shrink inwards resulting in undefined mass called The Black Hole.

Size of the Star before and after changing into a black hole.

 Stars are usually 3 times larger than our Sun. But once the competitive processes inside the star happens the black hole shrinks 3 times from the original size.

Definition of Black Hole 

     Finally we define Black Hole as a region where matter collapses into infinite density and gravity so extreme that even light cannot escape from it.